Sains Malaysiana 52(9)(2023): 2689-2697

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-17

Study on Effect of Toluene-Acid Treatments of Recycled Carbon Black from Waste Tyres: Physico-Chemical Analyses and Adsorption Performance

(Kajian Kesan Rawatan Asid Toluena Karbon Hitam Kitar Semula daripada Bahan Buangan Tayar: Analisis Fiziko-Kimia dan Prestasi Penjerapan)

NUR ALIA SAHIRA AZMI¹, KAM SHENG LAU¹, SIEW XIAN CHIN², SARANI ZAKARIA¹, SHAHARIAR CHOWDHURY^3,4& CHIN HUA CHIA^1,*

¹Materials Science Program, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

²ASASIpintar Program, Pusat GENIUS@Pintar Negara, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

³Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai-90110, Songkhla, Thailand

⁴Research Center on Industrial Ecology in Energy, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University HatYai-90110, Songkhla, Thailand

Received: 5 May 2023/Accepted: 31 August 2023

Abstract

Recycled carbon black (rCB) produced by pyrolysis has a low value because it contains high levels of impurities, such as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. Various treatments have been proposed using chemicals to purify and improve the properties of rCB. In this study, rCB was treated with toluene (rCB-T), followed by subsequent treatment using acids HCl (rCB-T-HCl), HNO₃ (rCB-T-HNO₃), and HCl-HNO₃ (rCB-T-HCl-HNO₃). The treated rCB samples were characterized using CHNS analyser, scanning electron microscope, BET analyser, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The adsorption of methylene blue dye onto the rCB samples was also investigated to study the effectiveness of the treatments. Treatment with toluene alone was insufficient to increase the carbon content and surface area of the rCB. Subsequent treatment of rCB with acids, especially HNO₃, significantly increases the carbon content, surface area, surface functional groups, and surface charge of the rCB. This results in an increased adsorption capacity of the rCB, from 6.04 mg/g to 46.51 mg/g for the rCB-HNO₃ and 54.80 mg/g for the rCB-T-HCl-HNO₃.

Keywords: Adsorption; BET; carbon black; toluene; zeta potential

Abstrak

Karbon hitam (rCB) kitar semula yang dihasilkan oleh pirolisis mempunyai nilai yang rendah kerana ia mengandungi tahap kekotoran yang tinggi, seperti sulfur, nitrogen dan oksigen. Pelbagai rawatan telah dicadangkan menggunakan bahan kimia untuk membersih dan menambahbaik sifat rCB. Dalam kajian ini, rCB telah dirawat dengan toluena (rCB-T), diikuti dengan rawatan seterusnya menggunakan asid HCl (rCB-T-HCl), HNO₃ (rCB-T-HNO₃) dan HCl-HNO3 (rCB-T-HCl-HNO₃). Sampel rCB yang dirawat telah dicirikan menggunakan penganalisis CHNS, pengimbasan mikroskop elektron, penganalisis BET, potensi zeta, spektroskopi inframerah transformasi Fourier dan spektroskopi Raman. Penjerapan pewarna biru metilena pada sampel rCB juga dikaji untuk melihat keberkesanan rawatan. Rawatan dengan toluena sahaja tidak mencukupi untuk meningkatkan kandungan karbon dan luas permukaan rCB. Rawatan seterusnya rCB dengan asid, terutamanya HNO₃ meningkatkan kandungan karbon, luas permukaan, kumpulan fungsi permukaan dan cas permukaan rCB dengan ketara. Ini menghasilkan peningkatan kapasiti penjerapan rCB, daripada 6.04 mg/g kepada 46.51 mg/g untuk rCB-HNO₃ dan 54.80 mg/g untuk rCB-T-HCl-HNO3.

Kata kunci: BET; karbon hitam; keupayaan zeta; penjerapan; toluena

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*Corresponding author; email: chia@ukm.edu.my